Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Case Study about Kent Chemical Organizing For International Growth

Question: Describe about the Kent Chemical, Organizing for International Growth? Answers: 1. Introduction: 1.1 Background of kent chemicals: In the year 1917, Kent Chemicals was founded as a company that produced rubber by the Fisher family who owned the majority stake in the company. (Bartlett Winig, 2012) Because of abroad acquisitions, extensions and expanded deals, Kent Chemical had turned into a main worldwide claim to fame chemical organization; a multi-headed hydra with $2.2 billion incomes in 2007. Through serious Research and Developments and various key innovations, the organization had created a reasonable product offering including shopper, fire security and medicinal plastics items. Never the less, the choice of changing Kent from an organization of US that dallies in the global markets into an organization practically contending that is focused on the creation, making and offering of completely being turned into a top most requirement in the year of 1998, when Ben Fisher got the opportunity of becoming a CEO of the company. For actualizing the vision related to a worldwide incorporated company, Morales name d by Fisher, a 22 year old veteran of Ken had ended up being turned into the supervisor of the nation for heading the international division of the products of Kent Chemical. 1.2 The Problem at Kent Chemicals: The rapid development of the abroad business had likewise prompted a few difficulties that expected to be stood up to by Morales as a major aspect of his exceptional task. In the first place, Morales was worried that the association fail to offer the correct reaction to changing weights and requests. Case in point, the reporting of corporate frameworks that had been intended for concentrating on the varying divisions of the association had resulted in being turned into a wellspring of strain taking place amongst them. There had been no need for taking after regular strategy in capital portion, money related reporting and target setting to specify simply a couple. The second concern originated from the abroad backups' long history of freedom that prompted security of re-directions toward oneself by supervisors. Therefore, it got to be hard to coordinate abroad operations techniques as parochial disposition won. Thirdly, it had been found by Morale that the association of territory within his own global division did not seem to be having a viewpoint spread across the globe. 2. Restructuring at kent chemicals: 2.1 Earlier restructuring at the Company: Morales for Kent Chemical had ended up leaving the system of rebuilding by the president. Essentially, there had been handling of accompanying problems in the project that are as follows: The execution of new framework that had been done by the Kent Chemicals resulted in constraining the individuals for taking after the regular procedure in the reports of budget, setting of target, allotment of capital and many more. These choose to be having an autonomy related to the auxiliaries, with the goal that these could be dealing with the specific business organization within their own style for drawing out the stretching of duration. Coordinating the nearby problems, particularly for each and every extension as well as headquarter. For each and every neighborhood wing dealing with the problems focusing across the skills. In accordance to this, the staff that work within the wing of neighborhood had been showing reluctance speaking with the offices across the globe and the organizations at inter- level. 2.2 Corrective Measures for the Failed Restructuring: There has been advertisement of two different types of arrangements. For beginning with the setup of International Board Director in the year 2006 along with the creation of the World Board as a practice of rebuilding in the year 2007. A) Solution MADE by Gbds and THE disappointment followed by it:- Morales help in diagnosing the problem and edited the International Board Directors, the president at the organization of Kent Chemicals, which consisted of three different executives who had been deputed for the enhancement of correspondence amongst the offices across the globe with an headquarter in the United States of America, along with closer extension locales of the business. Difficulties and Failure of GBD It had been expected by the president that each and every chief from the gathering of Global Board Directors would result in the enhancement of corresponding levels within three regions of center business, energizing closer places of work for taking after the operational techniques across the globe. There had been approval of Global Board Directors for dealing with each and every part of the business within the district, yet due to the deficiencies in the closer learning, they could not be performing in an effective manner. The administration result an exercise of input whereby approach had been made by them towards the staff of neighborhood for picking up style of concentration, yet the Global Board Directors were to flounder in order to receive this particular style. The Global Board Directors had been fizzling for a long duration of time. There had been certain explanation with respect to this disappointment, for an instance, information of neighborhood, meddling and correspondenc e problems being absent in the closer operations. B) Solution stated by World Boards and the disappointment followed by It:- Resulting towards the most increasingly bad lessons understood by the organization of Kent Chemicals from the defects of Global Board Directors, they seem to be securing the World Boards for helping the Global Board Directors for taking within the closer information. There had been an inclusion of masters from the limbs of neighborhood by the World Board. In consideration with the other side of the coin, due to the creation of the antagonistic picture through the local individuals for the Global Board Directors, the administrators of neighborhood at the Kent Chemicals had been showing reluctance towards the thoughts being proposed towards the World Banks. Last Solution Within the duration of one duration of year from the statement of disappointment, the organization of Kent Chemicals chose to be utilizing specialist related to the grounds that it had been basic for fortifying the structure of authority. Arrangements provided by the consultants of Kent, Sterling Partners, as a matter of fact with Kent Chemicals, there had been an involvement of genuine issues related to administration and had contributed to show low execution, their firm of consultancy, dissection of the situation had been done by Sterling Partners and resulted in propelling a program of redesigning. Within this particular projects, an association of lattice had been a setup for realigning the correspondence in an easy and proficient manner. This would be mixing the directions across the globe, and closer pre- requisite altogether. A significant change as an alternate seems to be leaving region of operation in each and every line of business would be changing. As a matter of fact, t he division in the items for customer had contributed in maintaining the focus of their business across the needs of client, as the organization of Kent Chemicals required to be complying with the laws for the assurance of flame in each and every countries of operation, thus the insurance items of the blaze had been restricted. As a point of conclusion, the plastic division of medicines seems to be overseen by being united across the globe and closer operations being followed by the principle consumers had been multinational corporations which seemed to be having the capacity for supplying each and every item being included. All of these revamping of rebuilding still could not consist the most testing and pressing problem confronted by the company of Controls of International Headquarters on the areas of limb. Conclusion It had been investigated by the advisors that the key issue at KCI was developed by the involvement of their techniques and their structures like an organization of a small size. They gave three encourages to strategize:- 1. KCI ought to present - nearby and territorial organization, 2. Restorative plastics business ought to be facilitated universally, and 3. Flame control items ought to be overseen territorially since the nation regulations vary in every nation. They likewise prescribed to utilize "choice network" to diagram their choice process and location their proprietorship issues obviously. 3. Analysis and Discussions: 3.1 SWOT Analysis: A few scientific classifications of the substance of differing qualities had been presented for depicting the clusters involved in personal credits related to the enthusiastic feeling amongst the scientists (e.g., Jehn, Northcraft Neale, 1999; Milliken Martins, 1996). As emulated by Jackson et al's. (1995) scientific categorization, separated amongst the assignment of qualities situated in relation and related to it; and also promptly noticeable and basic properties. A relations-situated difference incorporates demographics, for example, age, gender as well as racial and ethnic backgrounds which may shape interpersonal connections however generally don't have immediate bearing on execution. Undertaking focused assorted qualities reflects credits which are prone to be identified with information, abilities and capacities required in the work environment (i.e., capacity, residency, training). Ordinarily, perceivable characteristics, for example, age gender etc. have been considered r epresentations of a singular's qualities, convictions and demeanor (Fiske, 1993). From a lawful viewpoint these characteristics additionally speak to secured classifications and are in this way of investment to associations meaning to follow Title VII law. As of late there has been a developing enthusiasm for other noticeable characteristics on the grounds that they are considered to be in relation with the learning associated with work, practices and their mentality. Also, there seems to be a resurrection (cf. Haythorn, 1968; Hoffman, 1959) of enthusiasm for the influences of basic properties, for example, identity and mentality. Some of the studies had contributed in fusing measurements of Big Five related to identity, attitudinal variations or varying measures for profoundness or basic qualities being assorted. Strengths: Investigations of promptly located, relations-situated differences prevail observational take a shot at working environment differences. The rich hypothetical foundation advertised by social character hypothesis and social arrangement hypothesis outlines a number of these explorations. Social hypothesis of personality has been used for anticipating and comprehending how diversity influences particular state of conduct and mind, additional to the motion of group. To clarify the impacts of differences on individual results, the essential contention is that one's likeness on obvious and moderately changeless attributes impacts emotions of distinguishing proof within gatherings, ID on the basis of likeliness in demographics has a connection with in-gathering predispositions and group clash. By broadening the rationale of speculations that clarify singular state of mind and conduct, differences analysts have discovered a solid hypothetical basis for making forecasts about how differing qu alities is prone to impact social techniques inside groups and associations (e.g., Jehn et al., 1999; Pelled, Eisenhardt Xin, 1999). Albeit hypothesis of social character and social order had been created initially for clarifying the influences of promptly located differing qualities, a few researchers have utilized these speculations to clarify the impacts of identity and quality based differing qualities. Weaknesses: Along with the special cases related to the hypothesis of social character and social order, a large portion of the contentions offered to clarify the impacts of promptly identified characteristic assorted qualities expect that promptly identified characteristics are connected with basic traits, which thus, drive conduct. Case in point, clarifications for the impacts of social differences have indicated the behavioral associates of social qualities and their imaginable ramifications for individual practices that may impact group execution. For specialists who have been studying the top administration groups, a typical degree of contention is that promptly caught differing qualities reflects cognitive differences, which thusly impacts group choices furthermore therefore firm execution. Notwithstanding convincing supplications for analysts to gauge the hidden differing qualities that is so key to this line of thinking (Lawrence, 1997), such examination stays rare. Late hypothetical com mitments towards the field need a methodology of multiple dimension for the characterization of basic differences. It appears to be that there are chances of social methods along with their results are influenced through the complex juncture of assorted qualities measurements, not disconnected measurements of differences. A colleague of Research and Development may be distinguishing herself and apart from this her colleagues utilizing different characteristics (e.g., "Asian male researcher" or "White female architect"). The results of the group might be controlled by the setup of demographic profiles or character profiles of the colleagues (Frable, 1997). Reasonably, it seems to be boding well that the varying qualities of trait profiles had looked for inside groups that is liable for impacting the results in groups and individuals. Lamentably, differing qualities specialists had not yet been successful to handle the tests related to observationally evaluating multiple dimensions of assorted qualities. Opportunities: The former discourse proposes a few open doors for the recently conducted and the future researches. One opportunity with huge clarity is focused on fusing the parts of differences and variations that had been underrepresented. Case in point, in the event that overall clashes ends up making religion highly remarkable inside the United States of America, this may seem to be having the crucial results to work for the elements of the environment. Besides, analyzing religious differences might expand the worldwide importance of differences examination directed within the United States of America. It seems to fascinating to observe, for instance, that the national enumeration in nation of Ireland identifies the population of individuals with each of a few affiliations in religion, however it seems to be no endeavor for evaluating ethnicity and racism. On the other hand, the evaluation of US utilizes various classes to portray ethnicity yet it doesn't evaluate religion. Counting measures o f basic differing qualities and in addition promptly distinguished differences is an alternate opportunity for picking up newinsights. The potential estimation of this approach was exhibited within a study that contributed in evaluating both attitudinal differences and sexual orientation (Harrison et al., 2002). The results contributed in recommending that promptly discovered assorted qualities impacted group working when groups had little experience together, yet over the long haul basic assorted qualities was more compelling. In spite of the fact that the quantity of studies considering basic assorted qualities is still little, such research appears encouraging. Notwithstanding investigations conducted for the differences in attitude, one plans on seeing a new research related to the differences in choice/ cognitive styles being made (Simons et al., 1999), social qualities, identity, along with mental models. New hypothetical advancements may likewise enhance to understand the dif ferences in elements. Majority of the researches have been embracing the methodology of mentality, by the application of social mental hypotheses for example, social personality hypothesis and social classification hypothesis to comprehend the impacts of work environment assorted qualities. Counting hypotheses of sociology related to clash and rivalry. What's more financial speculations of work markets (e.g., Blau, 1977) would without a doubt advance our understanding of assorted qualities motion. Threats: Notwithstanding analyst's concentrated endeavors to gauge differences and foresee its results, the writing offers few convincing discoveries about the impacts of assorted qualities in the working environment. Absence of a typical standard will make it hard to collect practically identical discoveries over time, while understanding around a few issues could quicken our capacity to gain from the collecting proof. One valuable component of a typical ideal model would include guaranteeing that examinations are led to control for focal propensity sythesis when evaluating the influences of differences in composition. Within the specific conditions, measures related to difference are influenced by the values of mean along with scattering (Bedeian Mossholder, 2000). Moreover, there is some proof that focal propensity and scattering based measures of assorted qualities can have one of a kind consequences for group execution (Barrick et al., 1998; Thomas, 1999). Yet, we found that focal prope nsity markers were analyzed in conjunction with change measures just 35% of the time. At last, particularly in investigations of racio-ethnic differences, it might be useful for assorted qualities specialists to consider the particular shapes of differing qualities inside a group and give careful consideration to the differential encounters of every personality bunch. It is obvious that people react distinctively to their minority status relying upon whether they are in solo, token, or "tilted" circumstances. SWOT Analysis on Kent Chemicals: Based on the above literature, we can now perform a SWOT Analysis on Kent Chemicals, which is as follows: Strengths: Solid RD Have made significant protected items Quickly developing global operations Extensive development from 11% to 27% of income Solid pioneers: Morales and Perri Spirits made correspondence that worked until development Worldwide vicinity Actualized development across time. Weaknesses: Entrepreneurial Independence: Backups being contended with each other, being sent out into each other's sectors of business rather than cooperation for contending No trust amongst the question of nations what is being done by each of them Correspondence being poor Absence of joint effort amongst the middle of staff and pioneers, or within the nation. Absence of correspondence regarding the heading the company needs to be going towards Economy being powerless- all anticipated and inclusive that will be moving in a descended manner No adjustment in the weight being changed Opportunities: Engage representatives Bringing changes in the society for giving workers additional inputs (schein, 2010) Incorporate workers within the processes of decision making and gatherings (dubrin, 2010) Decrease underway expenses Cut un-fundamental practices Duplication of methods merge Develop customer base Search for new open doors Development in restorative industry-at present records for 35% of worldwide income Threats: Breakdown in general corporate system Absence of an extremely strong administration Absence in the course Absence in the accurate degree of correspondence Absence of present values, vision and mission Serious rivalry in the value Items for fire insurance Need for reducing the costs of creation Worldwide anticipation of subsidence As of now net wage of KCP has been seeing a reduction in emotions from the year 2006 to the year 2007 and more awful had been anticipated for the year of 2008 Rivalry in the retardants of fire across the globe Weight from organizations across the globe and the ones nearby 4. Conclusions: Within the duration of one duration of year from the statement of disappointment, the organization of Kent Chemicals chose to be utilizing specialist related to the grounds that it had been basic for fortifying the structure of authority. Arrangements provided by the consultants of Kent, Sterling Partners, as a matter of fact with Kent Chemicals, there had been an involvement of genuine issues related to administration and had contributed to show low execution, their firm of consultancy, dissection of the situation had been done by Sterling Partners and resulted in propelling a program of redesigning. Within this particular projects, an association of lattice had been a setup for realigning the correspondence in an easy and proficient manner. This would be mixing the directions across the globe, and closer pre- requisite altogether. A significant change as an alternate seems to be leaving region of operation in each and every line of business would be changing. As a matter of fact, t he division in the items for customer had contributed in maintaining the focus of their business across the needs of client, as the organization of Kent Chemicals required to be complying with the laws for the assurance of flame in each and every countries of operation, thus the insurance items of the blaze had been restricted. As a point of conclusion, the plastic division of medicines seems to be overseen by being united across the globe and closer operations being followed by the principle consumers had been multinational corporations which seemed to be having the capacity for supplying each and every item being included. All of these revamping of rebuilding still could not consist the most testing and pressing problem confronted by the company of Controls of International Headquarters on the areas of limb. Kent Chemicals expected to actualize the accompanying changes in light of the above given issues, yet were unsuccessful:- president Murales drove the re-associations system that did not adjust the worldwide side and the household side of operations. it experienced issues actualizing re-association in its 30 assembling facilties in 13 nations as nation information and distinctive principles and regulations were hard to oversee by Kent Chemicals. kent used to offer its buyer items in more than 100 nations, and this was an immeasurable zone to hanldle without a composed framework. it required the last re-association method to resolution the worldwide financial dangers that it confronted. It ought to proceed with the administrations of an outside counseling structure - like Sterling Partners who could make a framework for Kent Chemicals to take after both International and US operations. a solid, centered key methodology was obliged to wind up worldwide and withstand the issues as a group. The proposals made by the partners of Sterling would be considered as being beneficial for the organization of Kent Chemical as these helped in bringing cohesiveness and collaboration within the organization. It had been prescribed by Sterling that to accompany with Kent and that Kent will be getting helpful gains to pay the charge amount with the worth of 18 million dollars, as by using the procedures accompanied by it will be without any doubt, valuable to accomplish development across the globe and uprooting each and every hindrances in reference to the smooth operations before it is lead:- Kent ought to be receiving a model of "Choice Matrix" Interchanges connected with the internet accountability decentralizing with the learning regarding proprietorship. vision being shared and arrangements in endeavoring through the headquarter along with the backup bunches. company ought to be making application of the model of five forces introduced by Porter need for carrying out analysis of SWOT, internally as well as externally de Kluyer's Five phases of Globalization. value Creation and Corporate Global Success. Social personality hypothesis has been utilized to anticipate and comprehend how diversity impacts singular state of mind and conduct and in addition group motion. To clarify the impacts of differences on individual results, the essential contention is that one's likeness on obvious and moderately changeless attributes impacts emotions of distinguishing proof (Tsui, Egano'reilly, 1992).within gatherings, ID based on demographic likeness is connected with in-gathering predispositions and group clash. By broadening the rationale of speculations that clarify singular state of mind and conduct, differences analysts have discovered a solid hypothetical basis for making forecasts about how differing qualities is prone to impact social techniques inside groups and associations (e.g., Jehn et al., 1999; Pelled, Eisenhardt Xin, 1999). Albeit social order and social character hypothesis were created initially to clarify the impacts of promptly located differing qualities, a few researchers ha ve utilized these speculations to clarify the impacts of identity and quality based differing qualities (e.g., Thomas, 1999). 5. Recommendations: In the year 1917, Kent Chemicals was founded as a company that produced rubber by the Fisher family who owned the majority stake in the company. (Bartlett Winig, 2012) Because of abroad acquisitions, extensions and expanded deals, Kent Chemical had turned into a main worldwide claim to fame chemical organization; a multi-headed hydra with $2.2 billion incomes in 2007. Through serious Research and Developments and various key innovations, the organization had created a reasonable product offering including shopper, fire security and medicinal plastics items. Nonetheless, the choice to change Kent from a U.S. organization dallying in universal markets into a practical contender that creates, makes and offers overall turned into a top need in 1998, when Ben Fisher got to be CEO of the organization. To actualize his vision of a worldwide incorporated organization, Fisher named Morales, a 22-year Kent veteran who had turned into a nation supervisor to head the global division of Kent Che mical Products. Kent Chemical International and Kent Chemical Products will be needed for taking care of the hypothesis related to the Clustering Porters Nation Diamond, where there is a comprising six different parts that are 1) Conditions of component that help in clarifying why specific areas of the country pull in specific businesses, 2) nation related to interest in its original form that has been identified as the interest of the country even within the context of the little markets; 3) supporting and relating the enterprises of commercialization which seems to be incorporating the business being supported within the area, 4) aggressiveness in the business of home, which seems to be outlining the five different strengths having a structure of aggressiveness, and 5) Chance and open arrangement that helps in depicting the part played by the government within the business. References: Bartlett, C.A., Winig, L. (2012). Kent chemical: organizing for international growth. Retrieved from Harvard University, Harvard Business School Publishing for Educators De Kluyver, C. (2010). The globalization of companies and industries. In Fundamentals of global strategy: A business model approach (pp. 23-42). Retrieved from Harvard University, Harvard Business School Publishing for Educators Alderfer, C. P. 1992. Changing race relations embedded in organizations: Report on a long-term project with the XYZ company. In S. E. Jackson (Ed.), Diversity in the workplace: Human Resources Initiatives. New York: Guilford. AMA. 1995. AMA survey on managing cultural diversity. New York: American Management Association. Ancona, D. G., Caldwell, D. F. 1998. Rethinking team composition from the outside in. In D. Gruenfeld (Ed.), Research on managing groups and teams. Stamford, CT: JAI Press. Ashkanasy, N. M., Hartel, C. E. J., Dass, C. S. 2002. Diversity and emotion: The new frontiers in organizational behavior research. Journal of Management, 28: 307338. Barrick, M., Stewart, G., Neubert, M., Mount, M. 1998. Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3): 377391. Barsade, S., Ward, A., Turner, J., Sonnenfeld, J. 2000. To your hearts content: A model of affective diversityin top management teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 802836. Baugh, S., Graen, G. 1997. Effects of team gender and racial composition on perceptions of team performancein cross-functional teams. Group Organization Management, 22: 366384. Bedeian, A. G., Mossholder, K. W. 2000. On the use of the coefficient of variation as a measure of diversity.Organizational Research Methods, 3: 285297. Bell, E. L. J., Nkomo, S. M. 2001. Our separate ways: Black and white women and the struggle for professional identity. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Bezrukova, K., Jehn, K. A. 2001. The effects of diversity training programs. Unpublished manuscript, Solomon Asch Center for the Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Blau, F. 1977. Equal pay in the office. Lexington: MA. Lexington Books. Boeker,W. 1997. Strategic change: The influence of managerial characteristics and organizational growth. Academyof Management Journal, 40: 152170. Brewer, M. B. 1995. Managing diversity: The role of social identities. In S. E. Jackson M. Ruderman (Eds.), Diversity in work teams: Research paradigms for a changing workplace: 4768. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Brief, A. P., Barsky, A. 2000. Establishing a climate for diversity: The inhibition of prejudiced reactions in the workplace. In G. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management: Vol. 19, 91129. New York: Elsevier. Bunderson, J. S., Sutcliffe, K. M. 2002. Comparing alternative conceptualizations of functional diversity in management teams: Process and performance effects. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 875893. Burkard, A. W., Boticki, M. A., Madson, M. B. 2002. Workplace discrimination, prejudice, and diversity measurement: A review of instrumentation. Journal of Career Assessment, 10: 343361. Carpenter, M. 2002. The implications of strategy and social context for the relationship between top management team heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23: 275284. Carroll, G. R., Harrison, J. R. 1998. Organizational demography and culture: Insights from a formal model and simulation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 637667. Chattopadhyay, P., Glick,W. H., Miller, C. C., Huber, G. P. 1997. Determinants of executive beliefs: Comparing functional conditioning and social influence. Strategic Management Journal, 20: 763789. Chatman, J. A., Flynn, F. J. 2001. The influence of demographic heterogeneity on the emergence and consequences of cooperative norms in work teams. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 956974. Chatman, J. A., Polzer, J. T., Barsade, S. G.,Neale, M. A. 1998. Being different yet feeling similar: The influence of demographic composition and organizational culture on work processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 749780. Clark, M. A., Anand, V., Roberson, L. 2000. Resolving meaning: Interpretation in diverse decision-making groups. Group Dynamics: Theory Research and Practice, 4: 211221. Cohen, L. E., Broschuk, Haveman, H. A. 1998. And then there were more? The effect of organizational sex composition on the hiring and promotion of managers. American Sociological Review, 63: 711727. Cox, T., Jr. 1993. Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, researchpractice. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Cox, T., Jr., Tung, R. L. 1997. The multicultural organization revisited. In C. L. Cooper S. E. Jackson (Eds.), Creating tomorrows organizations. New York: Wiley. Dass, P., Parker, B. 1999. Strategies for managing human resource diversity: From resistance to learning. Academy of Management Executive, 13: 6880. De Vries, S., Pettigrew, T. F. 1998. Effects of ethnic diversity: The position of minority workers in two Dutch organizations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28: 15031530. Earley, P. C., Mosakowski, E. M. 2000. Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of international team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 2649. Eby, L. T., Dobbins, G. H. 1997. Collectivistic orientation in teams: An individual and group-level analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18: 275295. Elron, E. 1997. Top management teams within multinational corporations: Effects of cultural heterogeneity. Leadership Quarterly, 8: 393412. Elsass, P. M.,Graves, L. M. 1997. Demographic diversity in decision-making groups: The experiences ofwomen and people of color. Academy of Management Review, 22: 946973. Ely, R. J., Thomas, D. A. 2001. Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46: 229273. Fenwick, G. D., Neal, D. J. 2001. Effect of Gender Composition on Group Performance. Work Organization, 8: 205225. Fields, D. L., Blum, T. C. 1997. Employee satisfaction in work groups with different gender composition. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18: 181196. Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C. 1996. Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. St. Paul, MN: West. Fiske, S. 1993. Social cognition and social perception. In M. R. Rozenwig L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, 44: 155194. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc. Frable, D. E. S. 1997. Gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities. Annual Review of Psychology, 48:139162. Frey, L. R. 2000. Diversifying our understanding of diversity and communication in groups: Dialoguing with Clark, Anand and Roberson. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 4: 2222 Friedman, R. A. 1996. Defining the scope and logic of minority and female network groups: Can separation enhance integration? Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 14: 307349. Friedman, R. A., Krackhardt, D. 1997. Social capital and career mobility: A structural theory of lower returns to education for Asian employees. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 33: 316334. Friedman, R. A., Kane, M., Cornfield, D. R. 1998. Social support and career optimism: Examining the effectiveness of network groups among black managers. Human Relations, 51: 11551177. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., Houlette, M., Johnson, K. M., McGlynn, E. A. 2000. Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 4: 98114. Gilbert, J. A., Ivancevich, J. M. 2000. Valuing diversity: A tale of two organizations. Academy of Management Executive, 14: 93105. Goll, I., Sambharya, R. B., Tucci, L. A. 2001. Top management team composition, corporate ideology, and firm performance. Management International Review, 41: 109129. Gomez, C., Kirkman, B. L.,Shapiro, D. L. 2000. The impact of collectivism and in-group/out-group membership on the evaluation generosity of team members. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 10971106. Hackman, J. R. 1999. Thinking differently about context. In R. Wageman (Ed.), Research on managing groups and teams: Groups in context: 233247. Stamford, CT: JAI Press. Hambrick, D. C., Mason, P. A. 1984. Upper eschelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9: 193206. Hambrick, D. C., Li, J., Xin, K., Tsui, A. S. 2001. Compositional gaps and downward spirals international joint venture management groups. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 10331053. Haythorn, W. W. 1968. The composition of groups: A review of the literature. Acta Psychologica, 28: 97128. Hoffman, L. R. 1959. Homogeneity and member personality and its effect on group problem solving. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 58: 2732

No comments:

Post a Comment

Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.